The owl’s brain is a showcase in Systems Neuroscience for allowing the analytical approach to how information is processed and represented in the brain. Owls exhibit a characteristic orienting response towards sound sources. This behavior is highly reproducible, the variables involved in triggering specific responses are well characterized, and the system affords progressively deeper levels of analysis. Whereas spatial selectivity of neurons in the owl’s auditory system is initially broad and ambiguous, sharp space-specificity emerges in high-order neurons. In the midbrain, a map of auditory space is computed based on differences in time and intensity of the acoustic signals that arrive at each ear. These binaural cues are processed in parallel pathways that converge where the map emerges. We have focused on regions of the brain that are crucial for this synthetic process: the neurons where the difference between the arrival times of the sound to each ear is initially detected, and the space-specific neurons that respond to sounds coming from unique directions. We found that well-defined computations, which match predictions made by studies of sound localization in humans, underlie the emergent response properties of these neurons. Thus, the owl’s brain provides a system to test models of psychoacoustics at levels from single cells to networks of neurons. Recently, we have studied why owls make systematic errors when localizing in peripheral space. We could predict these errors from looking at how space is represented in the owl’s brain. In addition, we could show how making errors in the periphery could help to localize in the front. In the future, we plan to study how information flows in the sound localization pathway using in vitro electrophysiology as well as the recording of neural activity in behaving animals.